Pests can cause damage to buildings and products, contaminate food and water, and spread diseases. Control methods aim to limit the harm they cause and prevent their return.
Identifying and inspecting pest problems is the first step in successful pest management. Effective control methods include prevention, suppression, and treatment. Click here to Learn More.
Pest identification is an important first step in developing a strategy to control a pest. Correct identification can save time, money and resources by preventing the application of unnecessary pest management tactics.
The simplest way to identify a pest is by looking at its appearance. However, different pests may look similar and it is easy to confuse one species with another. The number of legs and antennae, the structure of mouthparts and wings, body segments, coloration, and shape are key characteristics for determining pest type. A good reference book or website can provide a guide to help you determine the pest you see. A magnifying lens can also be useful in enhancing your visual acuity.
Many pests undergo a change in appearance as they develop and mature. For example, a weed seedling may look very different than the adult plant and an insect larvae can look much like an adult insect. Proper scouting and identification techniques will help you detect these changes, especially in the case of insects. Observing the damage caused by an identified pest can also help pinpoint the species.
A good understanding of the biology of a pest is also helpful in determining the most effective management practices. Knowing how and where they reproduce, what environmental and harborage conditions are necessary for survival and growth, and the seasonal patterns of occurrence can help you develop prevention strategies without resorting to toxic chemicals.
For some pests, the smell they give off is a valuable diagnostic tool. Mice and rats leave behind musty odors, while cockroaches emit an oily odor. Flies leave a sour, fruity or musty smell, and moths can leave an unpleasant aroma of natural fibres.
In addition, some pests give off specific sounds that can be heard. Audible clues are often accompanied by other physical cues, such as a thumping sound made by silverfish and a gnawing or scraping noise by carpet beetle larvae.
In addition to morphological identification, it is often important to know the insect order so that an appropriate, approved insecticide can be selected if necessary. This is especially true for biological insecticides, such as Bacillus thuringiensis products, which have activity against only certain orders of insects.
Prevention
In some situations, preventing pest infestations is a sufficient goal and no suppression efforts are necessary. Keeping a constant watch for pests and taking measures to prevent their entry, such as sealing cracks and crevices, can keep some problems from ever occurring. This is especially important when dealing with invasive or damaging species, such as termites, cockroaches and bed bugs.
Prevention can be a challenge when pests can be hard to predict or control. Continuous or migratory pests, for example, may be difficult to manage without regular inspection and treatment. In other cases, it is possible to manage a pest population so that damage is kept to an acceptable level, even when it is not entirely eliminated.
Physical barriers and traps are often the first line of defense in a pest control program. These include things like sealing entry points to buildings, removing food and water sources that attract pests and denying them access to shelter and other resources. When used in combination with other pest control tactics, such as baits or traps, physical barriers can be extremely effective at limiting the spread of many different types of pests.
Chemical pesticides are sometimes used in addition to physical traps and barriers to control or eliminate pests when other methods are not effective or when the situation warrants it. When using any type of chemical pesticide, be sure to follow the instructions carefully and use it sparingly. Chemicals are usually toxic to people and pets, so they must be used with caution, ideally only by trained pest control professionals.
Before pests can be effectively managed, it is important to understand what kinds of factors influence their numbers. For example, pests are often affected by the weather, including rainfall, temperature and day length. This can change the growth rates of their host plants, making them more or less attractive to the pests. Pest populations are also often suppressed by natural enemies and pathogens.
When it comes to managing pests, an integrated approach is usually best. Always consider the impacts of any control tactic you are considering, not just on the target pests, but on all organisms and environmental conditions that share a treatment site.
Suppression
Pests can cause harm to people, animals, and property. They can spread diseases, contaminate food, and damage buildings and plants. To control them, an integrated pest management plan (IPM) must consider the life cycle of the pest, possible damage, natural enemies, and environmental conditions. Suppression is the goal of IPM, reducing pest numbers to an acceptable level without harming non-target organisms.
Suppression can include physical barriers, monitoring, and chemical controls. Physical barriers can include netting over small fruits and screening in greenhouses to prevent insects that can cause crop loss; mulch to inhibit weed growth; and spikes, grid wires, or pyrethrum spray to discourage birds that carry diseases. Monitoring can be done by trapping, scouting, or visual inspection. Chemical controls can include fungicides to control rot and mildew, insecticides to kill adults, and herbicides to suppress weeds.
Biological controls reduce pest populations by introducing natural enemies into an area. This can be done by conserving and releasing these enemies, or by purchasing and applying them en masse. Examples of natural enemies include mites that eat pest mites in orchards, nematodes that kill harmful soil grubs, and parasitic wasps that attack greenhouse whitefly.
Pheromones can also be used as a control tool, such as putting a synthetic copy of the pheromone that a female insect uses to attract males into traps to prevent mating. Juvenile hormones are another control method that can help lower pest numbers by keeping immature forms of the insect from maturing into normal reproducing adults.
The Threshold Model of IPM stresses the need to monitor pests and assess whether or not control is necessary. It also supports the idea that a diverse species community in an ecosystem is less likely to experience severe problems with pests than a homogeneous population.
There is no one solution to pest problems, and each business may need to develop its own IPM plan. The best approach is to use multiple methods, especially in cases where a pest is causing significant damage or creating a health or safety hazard. Businesses can then focus on their operations knowing that they are protected by pest control measures.
Treatment
Pests can cause damage that is costly to businesses. Some pests also pose a health risk to people and pets. Using an IPM approach, it is possible to control pests without damaging the environment or endangering human health. This is accomplished by preventing pests from entering a structure and then treating them only when they are causing an unacceptable problem. Treatment options include prevention, suppression and eradication.
Prevention is the most economical form of pest control. It involves inspecting a building for any cracks or crevices where insects could enter. Once the problem is detected, the holes are sealed with caulk or expanding foam. This prevents the pests from returning once the weather warms up again.
Preventing pests can be as simple as keeping food in sealed containers and sweeping up spills. It can also be as complex as modifying the environment to deter pests. For example, trimmed trees and bushes keep pests from climbing over walls to access buildings. Eliminating odors that attract pests and destroying their food sources are other ways to deter them.
Suppression is the control of a pest population to an acceptable level by using baits, traps or physical removal methods. A good pest control company will use all of these techniques to achieve the best results.
Some of these methods are non-chemical, such as traps or baits, while others are chemical treatments such as sprays and dusting. The goal is to use the least volatile formulations available, applying them only to areas where the pests are causing problems and using as little as necessary to control the pests.
Chemicals can be harmful to humans and pets as well as plants. Even “organic” pesticides are sometimes harmful, as they can contaminate the water supply and kill beneficial insects. The key is to choose the right pesticide for the pest and apply it according to the label instructions.
Before a pest control application, it is recommended that you remove or cover any food, pet foods or supplies, toys or books. You should also move anything that can be harmed by chemicals, such as indoor plants. It is also advisable to stay away from the treated area during the treatment, as some surface sprays may affect you and your family.